Assassins Creed: Brotherhood Interactive Map - All Collectibles, Feathers, Borgia Flags, Side Quests, Hidden Treasures, Viewpoints & more! Use the progress tracker to get 100%!Dispersal of elephant remains or ivory products from a eighteenth century CE shipwreck to the Portuguese coast could be attributed to the tsunami of 1755 that occurred after the Great Lisbon. And a ban is coming to Hong Kong. In my experience, the bandits that randomly attack you occasionally tend to carry some of the rarer trade items like Elephant Ivory, If you get attacked by a group of bandits, try looting their corpses after you kill them. Last year, the Chinese government announced its commitment to shut down its legal, domestic ivory markets by the end of 2017. During the conflict from 1977 to 1992, fighters on both sides slaughtered elephants for ivory to finance war efforts. Save the Elephants. Weight. (2,268 to 6,350 kilograms. 100% sync on Sequence 4. The other is found in the secret location Followers Lair. Rodney650 12 years ago #1. A BBC Radio 4 play, involving two PhD students at the University of York, highlights the ongoing issues of the ivory trade - with a focus on bringing the lesser heard voices of African communities to the fore. 1 Schreger lines are commonly referred to as cross-hatchings, engine turnings, or stacked chevrons. Killing Spree. Browse More Questions. ) and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) have declined drastically. 14, 2022, scientists found. Would have to say my favourite though (apart from the original Assassin white) would be the Wetlands Ebony combined with the Auditore cape, that worked really well imo. Unsafe to sell: Terracotta Pot Totem Buddhist Prayer Beads SHRUNKEN HEAD Elephant Ivory Indian Diamond Vlad The Impaler Coins Pomander Ambergris Papaver Silvaticum Silk Cardinal's Purple Dye Tomatoes Nutmeg Aconite Safe to sell (if there are some that are on both lists, then it is UNSAFE): Alum Claddagh Ring Coffee Beans Copper Ore Gold Ingot. Jovy Chan, the manager of wildlife conservation at WWF-Hong Kong, said. Popular with tourists, Satao fell to poachers May 30, group says. Replay the courtesan mission in sequence 3, the one where you have to go to the ship with bandits. The easiest way is to repeat the second Thief Guild memory where you get into a fistfight with 8 bandits. Does anyone know the location of Elephant Ivory as I. There seem to be fewer of them in this game than in AC2, which makes farming them somewhat difficult. This will earn you the “Capture the Flag” Trophy / Achievement. Imports of ivory from hippos, walruses, killer whales, narwhals, and sperm whales will be banned under new legislation to help protect the species from poaching. In contrast to the cream-coloured ivory of savannah elephants, forest elephants’ tusks have a distinctive pink tinge. This rule is limited to African elephant ivory and does not further regulate ivory derived from other species, such as walrus, whale and mammoth. Prjcteight (Topic Creator) 12 years ago #4. It has been carved and used as decorative objects for 40,000 years or more. The illegal trade in elephant ivory has increased significantly in the past decade (1, 2), with studies estimating the current rate of decline of regional African elephant populations to be as high as 8%, primarily due to poaching (3, 4). 100% sync on Sequence 1. Criminals in China can sell forest elephant ivory for $900 per kilo, compared to $150 per kilo for ivory from savannah elephants. but where is the next ? and the other items, Elephant Ivory?? got 0!! would be nice if 1 forum would have the answer . African Forest Elephants occur within 20 range states, with over 50% of the population in the small, forested country of Gabon, despite that nation only comprising 13% suitable elephant habitat. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Where do i find elephant ivory". Start Preamble Start Printed Page 36388 AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. + 2 more. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), are revising the rule for the African elephant promulgated under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), to increase protection for African. Posted on 18 January 2023. Elephants were the first animals to be protected under the UK’s 2018 Ivory Act in response to their drastic decline in the wild. 4 Synthetic ivory. Just 18 percent of consumers surveyed intend to purchase ivory in the future, a significant drop. Simply collecting the required items automatically makes progress on the "quest," and once you've earned the required items you c…For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Elephant Ivory. Trade in ivory from extant elephant species namely Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is regulated. i already have it, and it is just the most powerfull sword in-game so i will just show you how you will get it :D Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood Walkthrough & Strategy Guide. However, a loophole means that other animals could. I own elephant ivory. . African elephants are facing the most serious conservation crisis since 1989, when international trade was banned. Aya was supposed to be the main character in Origins. The data provide insights into global commodity circulation and historical. Wetlands Ebony. African elephants are the largest animals walking the Earth. Following vigorous public campaigns, in January 2018 Hong Kong’s lawmakers voted. Plus, a simple explanation & a map is normally easier to follow than a 5 minute long video. . Specialising in elephant. Press Officer. At the end of April, Kenya incinerated 105 tonnes of confiscated elephant ivory, aiming to. The development of legal protection for elephants in Thailand dates back to the 17th century, reflecting concerns about both human livelihoods and elephant conservation. if we are to recover and secure elephant populations, legal domestic ivory markets must be closed. Elephant Ivory. Explore the best mods for Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, a historical action-adventure game set in Renaissance Italy. This past February China made public one of its big ivory-enforcement efforts of 2011, involving 4,497 personnel and 1,094 vehicles and. Prison Escape (20. June 12, 2022, 6:00 AM. 3. Where are the paintings? This article is in need of more images and/or better quality pictures from Assassin's Creed: Syndicate (colors) in order to achieve a higher status. Customization/Gallery. 1000 attack isn’t great on a Level 4 but 1800 defense isn’t so bad. You can also get Brotherhood of the Fire Fist - Elephant from the Master Pack. Elephants are the largest living land animals. In pre-colonial and colonial times Côte d’Ivoire probably hosted one of the largest elephant populations in West Africa, resulting in the country’s name Côte d’Ivoire (in English Ivory Coast) by French settlers. Once classified as a single group as Vulnerable, the African savanna elephant. 3 million comments from the public, demonstrating that Americans care deeply about elephants and overwhelmingly support African. This shows the location of the first Shrunken Head, follow my path and pay attention to the map, it will help. Indian Diamond x 3. 45 EST. Their basic duties are to defend their community and conduct warfare against the enemies of their leaders. New archaeological and historical evidence show the import and importance if. So you need 3 Elephant Ivories for the Blacksmith Quest 'Exotica', but I've only found two so far, and they seem fairly rare. An understated weapon, perfect for Pearson the flesh of your enemies. 82. There's four from what i saw when i typed in "ivory" and none had a. What is your favorite dye for the Assassin robes? Assassin's Creed Brotherhood. The elephant (Elephas) is a very strong mammal that lives in warm regions. Buddist Prayer Beads x 2. Female elephants are social animals, living in herds with their relatives. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "GRRR Elephant ivory!!!!!". In 2016, a federal ivory ban went into effect—a. Objects of these materials were manufactured by artisans in Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Two law enforcement experts, with specific knowledge of elephant ivory identification, manually classified items on sale in the Antiques section of eBay UK over an 8 week period. Red Jasper. In Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, several outfits are available to those who complete certain challenges. Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing an amendment to the 4(d) rule of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to benefit African elephant conservation in the wild while improving the welfare of captive elephants under U. Ivory refers to the mammalian tusks, teeth, and horns which have been considered a valuable sculpting material throughout human history. the hippopotamus, warthog, and narwhal and sperm whales) produce tusks and teeth that have been used for carving in Canada, but walrus and elephant. Assassin's Creed II. Abstract. When the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or CITES, allowed a one-off chance for China to bid on a 108-ton stockpile of ivory amassed from natural. One chest is on an outcropping on a cliff face in the Antico district. Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. ". Vlad The Impaler Coin x 7. Assassin's Creed: Revelations [] Original Grey. ) Terracotta Pot x 3. Nearly 100 comments were received from various partners and. If this card is Normal or Special Summoned: You can send 1 face-up "Fire Formation" Spell/Trap you control to the GY; Special Summon 1 "Fire Fist" monster from your hand, except "Brotherhood of the Fire Fist - Elephant". HWANGE, Zimbabwe—Fourteen years since the. Podesta` of Monteriggioni (30) - Reach 80% of your stronghold's total value. As a result of the high demand for ivory, elephant populations have dropped significantly in recent years. , Citation 2014). Once an outfit is unlocked and equipped, it will alter Ezio Auditore's appearance. Ivory is a natural substance formed in the teeth and tusks of mammals. It has been suggested that one consequence was that by the 1880s elephant herds along the coast had become scarce, and to meet demand, trade caravans trekked farther into. This shows another guaranteed Shrunken Head. Trade Objects : Retail Price Guide. Pratt, master ivory cutter for Pratt, Read & Co. In response to the rapid decline, the USA. Use your bow when you can and everytime the elephant stops after a charge and between stomps, close in and strike the legs a few times. and removed from the wild prior to the listing of the African elephant under CITES (February 26, 1976), and the item is accompanied by a valid CITES pre-Assassin's Creed Brotherhood - Live and breathe as Ezio, a legendary Master Assassin, in his enduring struggle against the powerful Templar Order. Ivory Belongs on Elephants. Treasure Chests - Detailed List - Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood Guide - IGN. Though ivory was banned internationally in 1989, up to 30,000 elephants die every year in what Deutsche Welle’s Ruby Russell calls “a renewed poaching crisis. In Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, several outfits are available to those who complete certain challenges. Artisans aimed to maximize the use of high-quality dentine on the interior while avoiding both the hollow pulp cavity and the drier material on the exterior, called cementum. The other can be found in the Romulus Lair "The Sixth Day". “For this reason, the United States has committed itself, through international treaties and domestic law, to preventing the flow of illegal. 27Key Takeaways. But their habitats are shrinking. In the mid-1st century BCE, elephants were used by wealthy Egyptians as transportation means, showing off their wealth, and as animals of war. 22 B. The Object The comb is made from elephant ivory, as reported in detail below by Rabinovich and Goren in Section 4. Forest elephants are particularly vulnerable. Read elephant facts curated and compiled by Elephant Aid International. elephant ivory with silver pins. Revelations was mental but ac2 was better He cant have just started wise in revelations and brotherhood. Customization/Gallery is a gallery page, information about this gallery's article must not be placed here unless under the caption of an image. They inhabit dry to wet forest and grassland habitats in 13 range countries spanning South and Southeast Asia. The game was released worldwide on October 27, 2017. 25 1. November 16, 1997. 11. of ivory, and individuals' attitudes toward ivory items and wildlife have changed. AddThis Utility Frame. According to the Greek myth, the legendary founder of Elis, Pelops, received an ivory. Fire is appropriate and Beast-Warrior is a fun combination. Retrieved November 11, 2023 from / releases / 2022 / 02 / 220214111746. One is inside a treasure chest in the Antico region (SSW of the docks that are on opposite side of the river from the ship in the Tiber district. Thus, mitochondrial (mt)DNA, which is maternally transmitted, can often identify the geographic provenance of elephants. See full list on ign. African elephant populations have fallen from an estimated 12 million a century ago to some 400,000. 2. Elephant ivory has been coveted throughout history, from the Roman Empire to the modern day. If you play any other game [that requires Ubisoft Connect after applying this fix, you will need to repeat steps 1 and 2 below before you can go back to playing AC Brotherhood in offline mode. Given the 51 tons of ivory seized in 2013, the number of elephants killed that year could have. Permissions and credits. The public display of. Brotherhood of the Fire Fist-Elephant is an important new card for the theme. gamegyro45 12 years ago #2. Following vigorous public campaigns, in January 2018 Hong Kong’s lawmakers voted. In Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, several outfits are available to those who complete certain challenges. Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood Game Guide & Walkthrough by gamepressure. [1] [2] It is the third major installment in the Assassin's Creed series, and the second chapter in the "Ezio Trilogy", as a direct sequel to 2009's Assassin's Creed II. EZIO AC2 and ACR Costume Pack. 3 The organic composition has a diamond-shaped pattern, better known as Schreger structure, which can be observed on the cross-section of elephant ivory. 1 Centro District; 2. SSJKaioShin 11 years ago #2. Assassin's Creed Origins. To do so, go to the Deck Builder screen, search for Brotherhood of the Fire Fist - Elephant, then click on Generate. Weight. The Borgia Cape does the same as the Auditore Cape, Notoriety is always zero. Lane. The easiest way is to repeat the second Thief Guild memory where you get into a fistfight with 8 bandits. Imports and exports are banned and sales are limited to antiques at least 100 years old. Ambergris. The global ivory trade and the African elephant poaching crisis have remained a key wildlife conservation issue for decades. ivory trade. 128. Sequencing chromatogram of amplicons. . Preserving the future. saskia. Thanks, I'll go Bandit-huntingthen, and I'll leave the Flags until I want 100% Synch as I already have the Auditore Cape. Ivory Coast without ivory: Massive extinction of African forest elephants in Côte d’Ivoire. Vaticano Treasure Map. Beijing, China – World Wildlife Fund (WWF), in collaboration with research organization GlobeScan, has conducted the largest elephant ivory consumer survey – 2,000 people in 15 cities – for five consecutive years. Selling elephant ivory is banned in a number of countries, including the United States. Therefore, they are a formidable. You can get Elephant Ivory from Bandits. D. But I found the video to be somewhat annoying & not very descriptive. According to a report released on Monday, Feb. Isotope analyses find that the elephants were from different habitats, but not deep rainforests. 11. 20 Nov 2009 19 Nov 2009 12 Dec 2010. A total of 21 Asian elephant tusks stored at the office. " In general, export of raw African and Asian elephant ivory from the United States is prohibited. A BBC Radio 4 play, involving two PhD students at the University of York, highlights the ongoing issues of the ivory trade - with a focus on bringing the lesser heard voices of African communities to the fore. 3. Home › Forums › Gaming › Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. However, a loophole means that other animals could. 4 Bandit Locations where you can farm Trade Objects and complete your. You can find them in treasure chests or by looting bandits that attack you randomly. Extant elephant species, viz. Mayor. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood - Da Vinci Edition on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "I need Elephant ivory where do i find it?". This is the first validated method for distinguishing elephant from mammoth ivory and it provides forensic support for investigation of ivory laundering cases. International trade in ivory and elephants has been banned since 1989 under CITES, although one-off sales have been allowed before - in 1999 and 2008 - despite much opposition. Roman Olive. Central African forest elephant populations decreased by ca. Combating the ivory trade on both sides of the globe. (Ivory is a variety of dentin. Assassin's Creed Brotherhood is rated. 1. 1177/1940082920974604A record haul of 8. . The game is set in the fictional history around the 16th century and follows master assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze’s fight against the Borgia family. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Items like "Tomatoes" and "Elephant Ivory"". Community engagement must be prioritised in elephant ivory debate, say researchers. Available at: analysis african-elephant-ivory/. Once an outfit is unlocked and equipped, it will alter Ezio Auditore's appearance. Trophies. It essentially prohibits all commercial import, export, and interstate trade of African elephant ivory with some narrow exceptions. Exotica Blacksmith's Shop Quest. These are tall, menacing soldiers clad in dark armor with capes. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), are revising the rule for the African elephant promulgated under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), to increase protection for African elephants in response to the alarming rise in poaching to fuel. Hard animal tissues obtained from whales, walruses, and elephants are baleen, whale bone, walrus ivory, walrus baculum, and elephant ivory. Contents. Males usually live alone but sometimes form small groups with other males. Bibi van der Zee. S. 0232993 Cite This Page :World Heritage sites, strongholds for tiger and African elephant populations, endangered by illegal harvesting of species. Ride the Unicorn. 5 tonnes of rhino horn will burn in 11 large pyres, about seven times the amount previously burned in a single event. Tolkien's. In April, the authorities in Heilongjiang seized a ton of mammoth ivory. Mostly poached from elephants, ivory has been widely used for jewelry and handles of weapons, in addition to sculptures. 5 million in illegal ivory, rhino horn and pangolin scales following the arrest of two suspects in the United States, authorities say. However, unlike armor, most of these costumes do not affect any other gameplay elements. ac. com. S. The price of ivory has fallen by nearly two-thirds in the last three years, according to research conducted in China and published on Wednesday by the conservation group Save the Elephants. However, unlike armor, most of these costumes do not affect any other gameplay elements. Loot the bodies during the memory and the trade items stay with you on completion. Trampling Charge. The game was first released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in. DNA establishes that the tusks were from ≥17 different herds of West African forest elephants. Here's some maps that show where they. . A tailor is an individual who works with fabrics, making, repairing, or altering clothing and other accessories that may be worn. It is in the Lair of Romulus at Palazzo Laterano. To build support for elephant conservation and help stop ivory trafficking in the U. And the whole tusk is wrapped in enamel, the hardest animal tissue and the part of the tusk that manages the. Female elephants remain with natal social groups (“herds”) in relatively restricted geographic ranges. mammoth and elephant ivory is possible using DNA techniques,. ive seached all of the tresure chests in rome and i cant seem too find any bandits. ACR- Royal Violet. (Unless they decide to add in more shop quests someday, but I doubt that. Many of those tusks are then smuggled to China, which has been one of the world's largest markets for the banned material. Every day, 96 elephants are killed in Africa—that’s 35,000 a year. How to Craft Cards. Loot the bodies during the memory and the trade items stay with you on completion. Ivory has long been valued for its aesthetic qualities, and can fetch prices of up to $1,000 a pound. The African Elephant will not reach full maturity until it is 10-15 years old, a calf doesn't stand a chance in the wild without maternal care. Ubisoft Connect cannot be installed on your computer for this to work. Ivory is the hard, smooth, substance, composed primarily of dentin, that constitutes the tusks, or upper incisors, of elephants (family Elephantidae), including the extinct mammoths (genus Mammuthus), as well as the elephant-like mastodons (family Mammutidae, order Proboscidea). Domestically, between 2015 and 2021, there was an average of 14 elephant tusks and two rhinoceros horns imported into Canada per year. Browse. Tel: 01904 323918. Oct 4, 2023 - The full AC timeline, explained. According to a JTEF analysis, the number of closing bids for ivory on Yahoo! Japan auctions rose steadily from fewer than 4,000 in 2005 to more than 28,000 in 2015, dipping to a still significant. References to ivory in this guidance. Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Wetlands Ivory. According to the game's manual, not having the ability to swim in Assassin's Creed 1 was a 'bug in the Animus' preventing people from doing so, not Altair's inability. But no you just need to run in circles where you cant outrun the elephant and dodge the same way throughout the fight while you get killed in one hit at any moment. And a ban is coming to Hong Kong. First is a nice little 1-for-1 letting send a theme Magic or. 1 Elephant ivory use and properties. Elephant Ivory † 715 550 550 330 The tusks of an elephant are an ornamental material used for sculptures, jewelry and even handles of weapons. You can craft Brotherhood of the Fire Fist - Elephant using CP-Ns. Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood is the third game in the Assassin’s Creed series developed by Ubisoft. Borgia couriers can supply aconite. The total length of the tusks is not apparent on the outside of the elephant, about a third of the length of the tusk lies hidden inside the elephants skull. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "GRRR Elephant ivory!!!!!". 3). FC:. 153 16 7. com. S. By March 3, about 67 ivory carving factories and shops had been closed. Share. 100% sync on Sequence 2. Complete the game with 100% full synchronization, find every hidden. African forest elephants now face extinction in the next 10 to 20 years. He must journey into Italy’s greatest city, Rome, center of power, greed and corruption to strike at the heart of the enemy. Height. Assassin's Creed Brotherhood. Elephants graze at Kimana Sanctuary in Kimana, Kenya, on March 2, 2021. Many animals (e. If the piece feels lightweight, you can eliminate the possibility that it's ivory, though it could be bone. Although Ezio has got big shoes to fill in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, we will make sure that you don't come up short. This is about a third of the price of elephant ivory, but giant mammoth tusks in good condition. On New Year’s Eve, wildlife officials in Sabah. 3 These organic fibers have diameter ranges from 0. WWF is committed to conserving elephant populations across Africa and Asia. Tusks are teeth, incisors specifically, made of dentin. com Assassin's Creed : Brotherhood Tous les forums Forum Assassin's Creed : Brotherhood Topic Ivoire d’éléphants? Etoile Abonnement RSS. Asian elephants are extremely sociable. S. In addition, DEC Officers executed multiple search warrants and seized thousands of pieces of illegal elephant ivory, ranging from jewelry and small statues to five and seven-foot raw tusks, that make up a multi-billion-dollar-per-year industry. You can check the status of your shop quests by visiting the art merchant, blacksmith, doctor and tailor that are nearest to Ezio's hideout in Rome. Physical description. Sisterhood. A new report by WWF reveals that World Heritage sites are especially vulnerable to illegal harvesting of species listed by CITES, including tigers and African elephants. You will need to go to a tailor in Romagna/Forli for this. PLOS ONE , 2016; 11 (10. Dentine is the majority of the body of the tooth, which gives it its strength and structure. ACTION: Final rule. Ride the Unicorn. Imports of ivory from hippos, walruses, killer whales, narwhals, and sperm whales will be banned under new legislation to help protect the species from poaching. If you want to see what the insides of. Required items: Shrunken Head x2, Elephant Ivory x3, Indian Diamond x3. For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "GRRR Elephant ivory!!!!!". [1] Mythology According to the Greek myth, the. Challenge 4 (1,100 XP) Proficiency Bonus +2. For example, Wasser’s team identified one exceptional case in which the Mombasa cartel sent 4 tons of ivory from East African savannah elephants around the southern tip of the continent and up. Go to an art merchant (after sequence 3 or 4) and purchase a treasure map. It depicted how exactly the Assassin Brotherhood formed. Menu. SUMMARY: We, the U. DNA testing exposes tactics of international criminal networks trafficking elephant ivory. S. Watch this video for a guide to farming trade objects by killing bandits along a particular route. In. Trade in Elephant Ivory Humans have long prized elephant ivory. com For Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Elephant Ivory. Because they are almost always. it all depends on what you find in your treasure chest. Central African forest elephant populations decreased by ca. African Forest Elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), Critically Endangered. Found inside a hidden chest in London, but must be level 6 to purchase. May 2, 2016. The shops closest to the assassins hideout is the shop quest which will give u the items you need like in the blacksmith 3 elephant ivory, 3 Indian diamond and 2 shrunken heads for the seusenhoffer armor colect all those to acquire the item other shops will give you other shop quest in need of other items collect those items given and get your reward. Researchers used analysis of DNA from seized elephant tusks and evidence such as. Zimbabwe hosted an. S. The elephant and ivory debates are among the most hotly contested at this CITES conference of parties meeting, which runs from August 17 through August 28. The illegal trade in elephant ivory has increased significantly in the past decade (1, 2), with studies estimating the current rate of decline of regional African elephant populations to be as high as 8%, primarily due to poaching (3, 4). #shrunkenheads #shrunkenheadlocations #guide #gameguide #gameguides #assassinscreedbrotherhood #acb #acbshrunkenheads #gaming #gamingvideos #bestgaming #deci. One of Kenya 's most adored elephants, who had giant tusks and was known as Satao, has been killed for his ivory—a "monumental. Beyond that, China’s appetite for ivory also appears to be encouraging a shadowy network of traffickers working in Russia. East African elephants have been hunted for their ivory for millennia but the nineteenth century witnessed strongly escalating demand from Europe and North America.